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1 trends analysis
Безопасность: анализ тенденций (развития) -
2 trends analysis
анализ тенденций (развития)Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > trends analysis
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3 analysis
анализ; изучение; криптоанализАнгло-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > analysis
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4 analysis
[əˈnæləsɪs]accounts analysis анализ статей баланса ad hoc analysis анализ специального вида analysis (pl -ses) анализ analysis анализ analysis исследование analysis подробное рассмотрение analysis психоанализ analysis грам. разбор; sentence analysis синтаксический разбор analysis хим. разложение analysis of accounts ревизия счетов analysis of balance sheet анализ балансового отчета analysis of economic trends полит.эк. анализ экономических тенденций analysis of profitability анализ прибыльности analysis of variance стат. дисперсионный анализ authorized program analysis вчт. санкционированный анализ программы backwarderror analysis вчт. обратный анализ ошибок balance sheet analysis анализ балансового отчета bayesian analysis байесовский анализ best-route analysis вчт. анализ оптимального маршрута bottom-up analysis восходящий анализ breakeven analysis анализ безубыточности bus state analysis вчт. анализ состояния шины cash flow analysis анализ движения денежной наличности cash flow analysis анализ движения ликвидности circulation analysis анализ распространения информации cluster analysis анализ путем разбиения на группы cluster analysis группирование cluster analysis стат. кастерный анализ cluster analysis классификация cluster analysis вчт. кластерный анализ comparative external analysis сравнительное наружное обследование complex analysis вчт. комплексный анализ congestion analysis вчт. анализ системы массового обслуживания correlation analysis корреляционный анализ cost analysis анализ затрат cost-benefit analysis (CBA) анализ затрат и результатов cost-benefit analysis (CBA) межотраслевой анализ covariance analysis ковариационный анализ critical path analysis анализ методом критического пути cross-section analysis стат. структурный анализ cross-sectional analysis статический анализ decision-flow analysis вчт. анализ потока решений differential analysis дифференциальный анализ discontinuance analysis анализ причин прекращения производства discriminant analysis дискриминантный анализ dynamic analysis динамический анализ economic analysis экономический анализ (например, экономический анализ деревенской бедности в развивающихся странах) economic analysis экономический анализ error analysis вчт. анализ погрешностей extrapolative analysis экстраполятивный анализ factor analysis факторный анализ factorial analysis факторный анализ failure tree analysis вчт. анализ дерева отказов feasibility analysis анализ осуществимости financial analysis анализ финансового состояния flow analysis анализ потоков данных functional analysis функциональный анализ funds flow analysis анализ источников и использования средств funds flow analysis отчет об источниках и использовании средств game-theoretic analysis теоретико- игровой анализ graphical analysis графический анализ impact analysis анализ влияния факторов in the last (или final) analysis в конечном счете incoming orders analysis анализ поступающих заказов incremental analysis анализ приращений invariant analysis инвариантный анализ investment analysis анализ капиталовложений job analysis анализ вида работы job analysis изучение особенностей работы job analysis изучение трудовых операций layout analysis анализ топологии least-squares analysis анализ методом наименьших квадратов linear analysis линейный анализ linear programming analysis анализ методом линейного программирования liquidity analysis анализ ликвидности logistic analysis логистический анализ market analysis анализ рынка marketing analysis анализ сбыта markovian analysis марковский анализ matrix analysis матричный анализ means-ends analysis анализ цели-средства media analysis анализ рекламной деятельности motivational analysis исследование мотиваций motivational analysis мотивационный анализ multiple factor analysis многофакторный анализ multivariate statistical analysis многомерный статистический анализ needs analysis анализ потребностей network analysis сетевой анализ (частный случай системного анализа) network analysis сетевой анализ numerical analysis вчт. численный анализ occupational analysis анализ профессии (описание выполняемых задач и операций) operations analysis анализ производственного процесса по операциям operations analysis исследование операций organizational analysis организационный анализ parameter analysis анализ изменения параметров parameter variation analysis вчт. анализ изменения параметров partial analysis частичный анализ peak hour analysis анализ пикового периода period analysis анализ последовательностей periodogram analysis анализ периодических зависимостей perspective analysis перспективный анализ postoptimality analysis анализ после нахождения оптимального решения probabilistic analysis вероятностный анализ production analysis анализ производства profitability analysis анализ рентабельности protocol analysis протокольный анализ proximate analysis приближенный анализ quadratic analysis квадратический анализ qualitative analysis качественный анализ quantitative analysis количественный анализ quasilinear analysis квазилинейный анализ queueing analysis анализ системы массового обслуживания ranging analysis классификационный анализ regresslon analysis регрессионный анализ relevance analysis анализ важности факторов response analysis анализ ответов risk analysis анализ степени риска sales analysis анализ возможностей сбыта sales order analysis анализ заказов на закупку scenary analysis анализ сцен scene analysis вчт. анализ изображений security analysis изучение финансовой деятельности компании analysis грам. разбор; sentence analysis синтаксический разбор sequence analysis вчт. анализ последовательностей share analysis анализ акций short-period analysis анализ за короткий период времени simulation analysis исследование методом моделирования skill analysis анализ квалификации socio-economic analysis социально-экономический анализ spectral analysis спектральный анализ statistic analysis статистический анализ statistical analysis статистический анализ structural analysis структурный анализ syntax analysis синтаксический анализ systems analysis анализ систем tabular analysis анализ табличных данных task analysis анализ рабочего задания technical analysis технический анализ time-series analysis анализ временных рядов top-down analysis нисходящий анализ trace analysis анализ кривых transverse analysis поперечный анализ trend analysis анализ тренда value analysis стоимостно-функциональный анализ variance analysis дисперсионный анализ variance analysis выч. дисперсионный анализ wave analysis гармоничный анализ wave-form analysis гармоничный анализ work load analysis анализ рабочей нагрузки -
5 analysis
əˈnæləsɪs сущ.
1) анализ, изучение, исследование to make an analysis ≈ провести исследование careful, thorough analysis ≈ подробный анализ, серьезное исследование painstaking, penetrating analysis ≈ сложный анализ, сложное исследование (требующее большого количества аппаратуры, включающее в себя много тонких операций) upon further analysis, we concluded that... ≈ на основании более глубокого изучения вопроса мы сделали вывод о том, что...
2) хим. разложение qualitative analysis ≈ качественный анализ quantitative analysis ≈ количественный анализ
3) грам. разбор sentence analysis discourse analysis
4) психоанализ ∙ in the last analysis in the final analysisанализ, исследование, подробное рассмотрение - critical * критический анализ;
- * of variance (математика) дисперсионный анализ результаты анализа, исследования (грамматика) разбор - sentence * синтаксический разбор психоанализ - to be under * подвергаться психоанализу;
лечиться психоанализом аналитический метод, анализ - spectral * спектральный анализ алгебраический анализ математический анализ, дифференциальное и интегральное исчисление( химическое) разложение, анализ - qualitative * качественный анализ (бухгалтерское) метод расчета > in the last * в конечном счете, в конце концовanalysis (pl -ses) анализ ~ анализ ~ исследование ~ подробное рассмотрение ~ психоанализ ~ грам. разбор;
sentence analysis синтаксический разбор ~ хим. разложение~ of accounts ревизия счетов~ of balance sheet анализ балансового отчета~ of economic trends полит.эк. анализ экономических тенденций~ of profitability анализ прибыльности~ of variance стат. дисперсионный анализbackwarderror ~ вчт. обратный анализ ошибокbayesian ~ байесовский анализbreakeven ~ анализ безубыточностиbus state ~ вчт. анализ состояния шиныcash flow ~ анализ движения денежной наличности cash flow ~ анализ движения ликвидностиcluster ~ анализ путем разбиения на группы cluster ~ группирование cluster ~ стат. кастерный анализ cluster ~ классификация cluster ~ вчт. кластерный анализcomplex ~ вчт. комплексный анализcongestion ~ вчт. анализ системы массового обслуживанияcost ~ анализ затратcost-benefit ~ (CBA) анализ затрат и результатов cost-benefit ~ (CBA) межотраслевой анализcross-section ~ стат. структурный анализcross-sectional ~ статический анализdecision-flow ~ вчт. анализ потока решенийdifferential ~ дифференциальный анализdiscontinuance ~ анализ причин прекращения производстваeconomic ~ экономический анализ (например, экономический анализ деревенской бедности в развивающихся странах) economic ~ экономический анализerror ~ вчт. анализ погрешностейextrapolative ~ экстраполятивный анализfailure tree ~ вчт. анализ дерева отказовflow ~ анализ потоков данныхfunds flow ~ анализ источников и использования средств funds flow ~ отчет об источниках и использовании средствgame-theoretic ~ теоретико- игровой анализgraphical ~ графический анализimpact ~ анализ влияния факторовincoming orders ~ анализ поступающих заказовincremental ~ анализ приращенийinvariant ~ инвариантный анализinvestment ~ анализ капиталовложенийleast-squares ~ анализ методом наименьших квадратовlinear programming ~ анализ методом линейного программированияliquidity ~ анализ ликвидностиlogistic ~ логистический анализmarket ~ анализ рынкаmarketing ~ анализ сбытаmarkovian ~ марковский анализmeans-ends ~ анализ цели-средстваmedia ~ анализ рекламной деятельностиneeds ~ анализ потребностейoccupational ~ анализ профессии (описание выполняемых задач и операций)organizational ~ организационный анализparameter variation ~ вчт. анализ изменения параметровperiod ~ анализ последовательностейperiodogram ~ анализ периодических зависимостейperspective ~ перспективный анализpostoptimality ~ анализ после нахождения оптимального решенияproduction ~ анализ производстваprofitability ~ анализ рентабельностиprotocol ~ протокольный анализqualitative ~ качественный анализquantitative ~ количественный анализqueueing ~ анализ системы массового обслуживанияregresslon ~ регрессионный анализresponse ~ анализ ответовrisk ~ анализ степени рискаsales order ~ анализ заказов на закупкуscenary ~ анализ сценscene ~ вчт. анализ изображенийsecurity ~ изучение финансовой деятельности компании~ грам. разбор;
sentence analysis синтаксический разборsequence ~ вчт. анализ последовательностейshort-period ~ анализ за короткий период времениsimulation ~ исследование методом моделированияskill ~ анализ квалификацииsocio-economic ~ социально-экономический анализspectral ~ спектральный анализstatistic ~ статистический анализstatistical ~ статистический анализstructural ~ структурный анализsystems ~ анализ системtask ~ анализ рабочего заданияtime-series ~ анализ временных рядовtransverse ~ поперечный анализtrend ~ анализ трендаvalue ~ стоимостно-функциональный анализvariance ~ дисперсионный анализ variance ~ выч. дисперсионный анализwave ~ гармоничный анализwave-form ~ гармоничный анализwork load ~ анализ рабочей нагрузкиБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > analysis
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6 analysis of economic trends
Экономика: анализ экономических тенденцийУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > analysis of economic trends
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7 analysis of secular trends
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > analysis of secular trends
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8 analysis of economic trends
Англо-русский экономический словарь > analysis of economic trends
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9 top line analysis
Управление проектами: анализ основных факторов или тенденций (Top-line Analysis: Sales Trends and Market Share) -
10 expert analysis of financial sector hiring trends
HR. экспертный анализ тенденций в области найма персонала в финансовом секторе (англ. цитата - из статьи в CFO Magazine; контекстуальный перевод)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > expert analysis of financial sector hiring trends
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11 analyst
сущ.1) аналитик, специалист по анализуа) общ. (в самом общем смысле: лицо, чья работа заключается в анализе чего-л., напр., специалист по анализу экономической ситуации, анализу исполнения бюджета и т. д.)See:budget analyst, business analyst, clerical-methods analyst, collection analyst, computer systems analysts, cost analyst, cryptoanalyst, economic analyst, forms analyst, industry analyst, job analyst, market analyst, market research analysts, marketing analyst, media analyst, occupational analyst, personnel analyst, purchase-price analyst, records-management analyst, reports analyst, risk analyst, sales analyst, system analyst, systems analyst, technical analyst, value analyst, analysisб) фин. (сотрудник банка, брокерской фирмы или иного подобного учреждения, анализирующий положение группы компаний, определенного сектора финансового рынка, конкретной валюты и т. д. и дающий рекомендации по купле или продаже финансовых инструментов)See:investment analyst, research analyst, securities analyst, securities-research analyst, security analyst, sell-side analystв) банк. (сотрудник банка или иного кредитного учреждения, анализирующий финансовое положение физических лиц, компаний, местных органов власти и т. д. для определения их кредитоспособности)See:г) фин. (сотрудник организации, анализирующий данные о результатах деятельности организации с целью оценить финансовое положение организации, выявить тенденции ее развития и выработать рекомендации по улучшению положения дел компании)Syn:See:2) псих. психоаналитик, специалист по психоанализу (психотерапевт, пользующийся методом психоанализа)Syn:3) СМИ обозреватель, комментаторSee:
* * *
аналитик: 1) сотрудник банка или брокерской фирмы, анализирующий положение группы компаний, определенного сектора финансового рынка, конкретной валюты и дающий рекомендации по купле или продаже финансовых инструментов; 2) младшая должность в инвестиционных банках; = credit analyst.* * *Банки/Банковские операциисотрудник банка, анализирующий положение группы компаний, валюты и дающий рекомендации-----Финансы/Кредит/Валютасотрудник банка или брокерской фирмы, анализирующий положение группы компаний, валюты и дающий рекомендации-----Ценные бумаги/Биржевая деятельностьсотрудник брокерской фирмы, анализирующий положение группы компаний, валюты и дающий рекомендации -
12 trend
1. n направлениеtrend of prices — тенденция цен; направление движения цен
2. n общее направление, тенденцияthe main trends in the evolution of modern society — основные тенденции в эволюции современного общества
secular trend — долговременная тенденция; вековой тренд
trend analysis — анализ трендов; анализ тенденций
3. n трендanalytic trend — тренд, заданный формулой
4. n мода, стиль5. n геол. простирание6. v отклоняться, склоняться; клониться7. v иметь тенденцию; быть направленнымСинонимический ряд:1. fashion (noun) bandwagon; chic; craze; cry; dernier cri; fad; fashion; furore; mode; rage; style; thing; ton; vogue2. tendency (noun) bias; course; current; direction; drift; inclination; leaning; propensity; run; tendency; tenor3. incline (verb) drift; extend; head; incline; lean; run; slant; squint toward; stretch; tend -
13 тенденция
жен.
1) tendency;
bias (в неодобрительном смысле) основная тенденция
2) (к чему-л.) tendency (towards, to) (склонность) у автора тенденция к преувеличению ≈ the writer has a tendency to exaggerate, the writer has a tendency towards exaggeration проявлять тенденциютенденц|ия - ж.
1. (к дт. ;
склонность) tendency (to, towards) ;
иметь ~ию have* a tendency, tend;
~ моды fashion trend;
~ии в развитии техники trends in technology;
кратковременная ~ short-term tendency/trend;
определённая ~ definite trend;
основная ~ basic tendency;
преобладающая ~ prevailing trend;
рыночная ~, ~ рынка market trend/tendency;
устойчивая ~ stable trend, flat trend;
~ цен trend/tendency in/of prices, price trend/tendency;
анализ ~ии trend analysis;
иметь ~ию tend;
иметь ~ию к улучшению tend to improve;
проявлять ~ию к exhibit a tendency to, tend to;
2. (основная идея) message, theme;
3. (предвзятая мысль) bias.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > тенденция
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14 pool
̈ɪpu:l I сущ.
1) маленький пресноводный водоем а) лужа;
прудок Syn: puddle б) запруда( возникшая в результате постройки дамбы)
2) омут;
заводь;
водоем со стоячей водой Syn: creek, back-water
3) спорт (плавательный) бассейн indoor pool ≈ закрытый бассейн outdoor pool ≈ открытый бассейн paddling pool ≈ "лягушатник" (мелкая часть бассейна для детей) swimming pool ≈ плавательный бассейн wading pool ≈ бассейн для гребли Syn: swimming pool
4) перен. небольшое пятно, пространство( чего-л.) a pool of light ≈ островок света
5) гидр. бьеф
6) геол. нефтяная залежь II
1. сущ.
1) общий фонд;
объединенный резерв;
общий котел
2) а) пул (соглашение картельного типа между конкурентами) blind pool ≈ "слепой" пул (товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью, которое не дает предварительной информации о вкладываемых инвестициях) б) бюро, объединение a typing pool ≈ машинописное бюро в) спорт лига (совокупность команд определенного класса)
3) а) совокупность ставок (в картах, на скачках) б) карт. пулька
4) пул (род игры на бильярде)
2. гл.
1) объединять в общий фонд, складываться
2) австрал., разг. а) впутывать( кого-л. во что-л.) 'I got pooled into it,' he explained. ≈ 'Меня обманом вовлекли в это',- объяснил он. б) клеветать( на кого-л.), обманывать;
давать неверную информацию Unfortunately, he pooled the data, so that if any developmental trends were present, they were obscured in the analysis. ≈ К сожалению, он исказил данные, так что если и были какие-либо тенденции к развитию, то они были очень невнятно отражены в анализе. лужа;
лужица;
прудок;
озерцо - * of blood лужа крови заводь;
омут (the Pool) Пул (часть Темзы немного ниже Лондонского моста) (плавательный) бассейн - diving * бассейн для прыжков в воду - indoor * закрытый бассейн (гидрология) бьеф (геология) нефтяная площадь, залежь;
нефтяное месторождение( специальное) резервуар;
сборник;
отстойник;
грязевик сварочная ванна( горное) зарубать, подрубать общий фонд;
объединенные запасы;
общий котел - * of foreign exchange общий фонд иностранной валюты - dollar * объединенный долларовый фонд - wheat * пшеничный пул - a * of brilliant scientists резерв /кадры/ блестящих ученых - electric power * объединенная энергосистема пул, объединение (соглашение картельного типа между конкурентами) бюро, объединение - typewriting * машинописное бюро - car * гараж, автобаза( учреждения) ;
группа договорившихся по очереди обслуживать друг друга автомашиной (для доставки на станцию, в школу и т. п.) - secretarial * группа секретарш, работающих по очереди или по договоренности( военное) резерв имущества совокупность ставок (в картах, на скачках) - to scoop the * (разговорное) сорвать банк;
крупно выиграть( карточное) пулька (фехтование) пул (разновидность бильярда) - * table стол для игры в пул (медицина) наличие, запас чего-л. в организме (медицина) запас (плазмы, крови для переливания и т. п.) pl футбольный тотализатор (по почте;
тж. football *s) (компьютерное) пул, динамическая область, динамически распределяемая область объединять в общий фонд - to * resources объединять ресурсы - to * foreign exchange создать объединенный фонд иностранной валюты - to * interests действовать сообща - to * money /savings/ складываться объединяться в пул сводить воедино, суммировать - to * the results подытожить /свести воедино/ результаты buffer ~ вчт. буферный накопитель buffer ~ вчт. область буферов cash ~ общий фонд наличности high-order ~ вчт. старший разряд insurance ~ страховой пул investment ~ инвестиционный пул leftmost ~ вчт. крайний левый разряд loading pallet ~ запас грузовых поддонов low-order ~ вчт. младший разряд machine ~ станочный парк paddling ~ "лягушатник" (мелкая часть бассейна для детей) page ~ вчт. множество свободных страниц pool спорт. (плавательный) бассейн (тж. swimming pool) ~ гидр. бьеф ~ бюро, объединение;
a typing pool машинописное бюро ~ временное объединение компаний инвесторов ~ лужа;
прудок ~ геол. нефтяная залежь ~ общий фонд;
объединенный резерв;
общий котел ~ общий фонд, объединенный резерв ~ общий фонд ~ объединение финансовых ресурсов ~ объединенные запасы ~ объединять в общий фонд, складываться;
to pool interests действовать сообща ~ объединять в пул ~ омут;
заводь ~ портфель кредитов ~ портфель ценных бумаг ~ пул (род бильярдной игры) ~ пул (соглашение картельного типа между конкурентами) ;
stock market pool биржевое объединение ~ пул (соглашение картельного типа между конкурентами) ~ пул ~ совокупность ставок (в картах, на скачках), пулька (в карточной игре) ~ объединять в общий фонд, складываться;
to pool interests действовать сообща pulled ~ вчт. отжатое положение rightmost ~ вчт. крайний правый разряд run ~ вчт. рабочее положение secretarial ~ бюро секретарских услуг sign ~ вчт. разряд знака significant ~ вчт. значащий разряд specified ~ товарищество с ограниченной ответственностью, объявляющее объект своих инвестиций ~ пул (соглашение картельного типа между конкурентами) ;
stock market pool биржевое объединение storage ~ вчт. динамическая область памяти task ~ вчт. задачный накопитель ~ бюро, объединение;
a typing pool машинописное бюро typists' ~ машинописное бюро -
15 regression
(#мат.) регрессия ; ? regression analysis ; ? regression equation ; ? regression by semilogarithmic trends ; ? multiple regression ; ? simple regression ; -
16 consumer
сущ.1) эк. потребитель; покупательATTRIBUTES: average 2. 1), 2. 2), conventional 2. 2), end 1. 1), final 1. 1), individual 1. 2), industrial 1. 1), а, loyal 1. 1), potential 2. 2), prospective 2. 2), rational 2. 1), reasonable 2. 1), representative 2. 2), n2, target 3. 1), ultimate 2. 2), n1
British consumers are paying much more than their counterparts in mainland Europe for a wide range of goods. — Британские потребители покупают многие товары по значительно более высокой цене, чем потребители материковой Европы.
Our consumers expect products which are not only delicious (and safe) but which have been produced fairly and ethically. — Наши потребители ожидают таких продуктов, которые не только вкусны и безопасны для здоровья, но еще и были произведены надлежащим образом и в согласии с этическими нормами.
An average consumer for heating in Turkey uses fuel wood at a rate of 0.75 m3 yr. — Среднестатистический потребитель отопления в Турции использует 0,75 м3 в год древесного топлива.
See:average consumer, conventional consumer, disadvantaged consumer, end consumer, end-consumer, fickle consumer, final consumer, green consumers, heat consumer, individual consumer, industrial consumer, interested consumer, intermediate consumer, loyal consumer, manipulated consumer, potential consumer, price-conscious consumer, price-sensitive consumer, prospective consumer, rational consumer, reasonable consumer, representative consumer, savvy consumer, target consumer, ultimate consumer, water consumer, consumer acceptance, consumer account, consumer activist, consumer advertisement, consumer advertising, consumer advisory board, consumer advisory council, consumer advocate, consumer affluence, consumer analysis, consumer anticipations, consumer appeal, consumer attitude, consumer audience, consumer awareness, consumer bank, consumer basket, consumer behaviour, consumer benefit, consumer boom, consumer brochure, consumer budget, consumer business, consumer buying decision, consumer capitalism, consumer choice, consumer clinic, consumer club, consumer commodities, consumer communications, consumer comparison, consumer complaint, consumer confidence, consumer container, consumer cooperation, consumer cooperative, consumer council, consumer credit, consumer culture, consumer debenture, consumer decision making, consumer deficit, consumer delivery, consumer demand, consumer diary, consumer discrimination, consumer durable product, consumer durables, consumer economics, consumer education, consumer effect, consumer electronics, consumer environment, consumer equilibrium, consumer evaluation, consumer expectations, consumer expenditure, consumer favour, consumer feedback, consumer finance company, consumer flow, consumer franchise, consumer fraud, consumer goods, consumer group, consumer guide, consumer habit, consumer impression, consumer income, consumer inertia, consumer information, consumer inquiry, consumer insurance, consumer interest, consumer interview, consumer items, consumer jury, consumer knowledge, consumer language, consumer law, consumer learnings, consumer lease, consumer leasing, consumer legislation, consumer lifestyle, consumer lines, consumer list, consumer loan, consumer lobby, consumer loyalty, consumer magazine, consumer market, consumer marketing, consumer motivation, consumer movement, consumer needs, consumer non-durables, consumer orientation, consumer pack, consumer panel, consumer patronage, consumer perception, consumer personality, consumer policy, consumer population, consumer practice, consumer preferences, consumer premium, consumer pressure, consumer price, consumer products, consumer profile, consumer promotion, consumer properties, consumer protection, consumer psychologist, consumer psychology, consumer publication, consumer purchase, consumer purchaser, consumer rating, consumer reaction, consumer relations, consumer report, consumer research, consumer resistance, consumer response, consumer rights, consumer sale, consumer sales, consumer satisfaction, consumer segment, consumer service, consumer services, consumer setting, consumer shopping, consumer society, consumer sophistication, consumer sovereignty, consumer spending, consumer spendings, consumer study, consumer surplus, consumer survey, consumer tastes, consumer trade practices, consumer trends, consumer use tests, consumer utility, consumer valuation, consumer value, consumer vulnerability, consumer warranty, consumer waste, consumer wealth, consumer welfare, consumer's account, consumers' attitude, consumer's choice, consumer's cooperative, consumer's demand, consumers expenditure, consumer's goods, consumer's indifference curve, consumers market, consumers' market, consumers' panel, consumer's point, consumers' preference, consumers' remedy, consumer's surplus, consumers' surplus, consumer's test, consumer's wants, cost to consumer, price to consumer COMBS: business to consumer, business-to-consumer, business-to-consumer firm, competition for the consumer's dollar, Consumer Credit Act 1974, Consumer Credit Protection Act, Consumer Goods Pricing Act, Consumer Magazine and Agri-Media Rates and Data, Consumer Product Safety Act, Consumer Products Warranties Act, Consumer Protection Act 1961, Consumer Protection Act 1971, Consumer Reports, Consumer Safety Act 1978, Department of Banking and Consumer Finance v. Clarke, Ethical Consumer, Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act, Home Equity Loan Consumer Protection Act, Telephone Consumer Protection Act 1991, Uniform Consumer Credit Code, Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Consumer Bankers Association, consumer confidence, consumer expenditure2) биол., эк. прир. консумент (организм, который потребляет другие организмы; выделяют первичные, вторичные и третичные консументы)See:
* * *
потребитель: лицо, которое в конечном итоге пользуется данным товаром или услугой (это не всегда покупатель).* * * -
17 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
18 trend
общее направление развития, тенденция; тренд•trend analysis -
19 fertility
1. n плодородие2. n изобилие; богатство3. n эк. производительность при оптимальных условиях4. n биол. плодовитость5. n биол. способность к воспроизведению потомства6. n биол. фертильность, рождаемостьСинонимический ряд:1. fecundity (noun) fecundity; fruitfulness; gravidity; potency; pregnancy; productiveness; productivity; profuseness; prolificacy; richness; virility2. ingenuity (noun) imagination; ingenuity; inventiveness; resourcefulness
См. также в других словарях:
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